Essay on Gender Differences in Shopping - 1346 Words

Gender Differences in Shopping Gender differences in humans can be observed everywhere; one of the most noticeable differences is an activity that many people participate in - shopping. I personally enjoy shopping even though I don’t have a lot of time to do so. When I shop, I like to go with my friends because sometimes their opinion on what I’m shopping for matters to me. I find it interesting to see that men and women have completely different shopping habits even though when it comes down to shopping for the same items. There are many companies that observe the shopping behaviour of consumers and analyze the information to give retailers a better idea of changes they can make to draw more customers in, to make them stay longer†¦show more content†¦This reflects to modern day shopping habits where men know exactly what they’re looking for. I also notice that when there are comfortable couches in retail stores, 99% of the time the person that occu pies the seat is a male. This shows that men have less patience and likes to spend less time when it comes to shopping; they’re more there to buy and not shop. Also what I have noticed is that men tend to not like to go shopping alone with their kids either. I’ve seen very impatient fathers at the mall when shopping with the family numerous times. This brings me back to my theory because back when men were hunters, they did not take the children with them either because it was dangerous and there was a very high chance for the children to be hurt. On the other hand, the women were classified as gatherers. The women gathered vegetables, fruits, plants, and numerous other things. When the women went to gather, they would go in groups and it would become more of a social event as well. Often the women would also bring the children along. Today, women tend to go shopping in a group because it is more of a social event, a time to bond with your friends and chit chat and catch up. For example, when I shop with my friends, we would take our time walking slowly, go check out most of the stores and look at almost everything inside the store. I enjoy taking several outfits into the dressing room to try on. All outfits may be theShow MoreRelatedFactors That Influence Shopping Mall Behaviors1037 Words   |  5 Pagesconcerned by marketer that what are the factors that impact on shopping behaviors. The purpose of this desk research is to investigate what are the factors affect shopping time and analysis how they influence. This res earch focused on three main factors, gender, age and income, that has obvious influence on how much time the customers spend in shopping mall. Background Many theories have been proposed to explain the factors that influence shopping mall behaviors. Although it covers a wide variety of theoriesRead MoreAn essay on shopping malls and the power struggles going on within them: A critical analysis of Fiskes Shopping for Pleasure, from Reading The Popular.1532 Words   |  7 PagesAn essay on shopping malls and the power struggles going on within them. In this essay, I have given a critical analysis of Fiske s Shopping for Pleasure, from Reading The Popular. In this analysis, I will be examining the main points in this chapter and discussing Fiske s explanation for including each one. I will also be examining counter arguments from other sources on his theories. There are five distinctive sections within this chapter: malls, power and resistance , consuming womenRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie The Ghost 1172 Words   |  5 PagesShopping is almost as if the consumer is in a horror movie, but better since ghost cannot reveal their selves to frighten us. Every time an individual is out shopping, ghosts are shopping besides them. It is almost as if we are possessed by them. They seem to control how we shop, and depending on how an individual shop they walk around with different types of ghost. These ghost makes up one’s consumer identity. Let me talk first talk about a ghost that I used to shop with, the ghost of gender. AnRead MoreGender Differences in Organized Settings: Prosocial and Antisocial 1063 Words   |  5 PagesGender Differences in Organizational Settings: Prosocial or Antisocial The premise of our research centered around the differences in prosocial and antisocial behaviors depending on the gender. According to Afolabi in his â€Å"Roles of Personality Types, Emotional Intelligence and Gender Differences on Prosocial Behavior† article, he examines the five primary personality factors: extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, and openness coupled with specific gender differences on prosocialRead MoreGender Differences Between Men And Women1058 Words   |  5 PagesGender differences between men and women Abstract Gender difference can be expressed in many ways. In our daily life, there are many phenomenon can be explained by gender difference. For example, man always like to pay attention to political news, but women focus on gossip news; Women like shopping very much but men never want to go shopping; for the same thing men and women will make different evaluations. These entire phenomenons are because of gender difference. How the gender difference showRead MoreData Collection And Analysis : Analysis Essay1578 Words   |  7 Pagespeople. This included twenty people shopping alone and twenty people shopping in a group, for a total of forty subjects, each ranging in ages from approximately 19 to 40 years old. The subjects were observed from the time they entered the store until the time they left. The reasoning behind this was to see the buying behavior differences for the whole experience and figure out which areas of the store could be improved in order to appeal to groups of people shopp ing. The behaviors observed includedRead MoreAn Article On Target Going Gender Neutral875 Words   |  4 Pagesis Target Going Gender Neutral In Some Sections. This article was written by Cody Derespina and was published by Fox News. The topic of discussion for this article is the desegregation of shelf space between two genders in certain sections of the stores. As Cody Derespina (2015) said, â€Å"Target stores are undergoing a sex change of sorts.† Target announced that they will be removing some of the gender specific categories and replacing them with displays and signs that are gender neutral. Along withRead MoreCustomer Loyalty Towards E Shopping Websites Essay1285 Words   |  6 PagesThe key objective of the study about was to analyses the customer loyalty towards e-shopping websites. From this study apart from customer loyalty various other important key findings were also found. When it comes to customer retention whether its brick and mortar or through online medium the 3 major and key areas that has to be concentrated by anybody who is involved in this business are 1. Delivery of the product 2. Performance of the product 3. Post purchase service and being responsiveRead MoreMovie Review : Pretty Woman Directed By Garry Marshall1451 Words   |  6 PagesWard (Julia Roberts) meets an out of town millionaire Edward Lewis (Richard Gere), and they find true love despite their differences in true fantasy fairy tale fashion and live happily ever after. This film is particularly relevant to many aspects of our American Popular Culture class because it addresses the differences in class system, morality, materialism, and even gender and feminism roles. Pretty Woman began with a man yelling out from the street â€Å"Welcome to Hollywood, What’s your dream?†Read MoreThe Effect of Shopping Experience on Cross Cultural Receptiveness in China1103 Words   |  5 PagesEffect of shopping experience On cross-cultural receptiveness in Chinese School of Business, Sun-Yat Sen University, Guangzhou Introduction Nowadays under the trend of globalization, like every other aspect in marketing changed in our life, more and more products are added some cross-culture mixing elements. For example, more Chinese movie have western actors and more Hollywood film conclude traditional Chinese like Panda or feature spots (C. Samuel Craig William H. Greene Susan

Beowulf As An Ultimate Hero - 933 Words

Emon Nguyen Mrs. Hunter English 12 19 September 2017 Beowulf: the archetypal (ultimate) hero Archetypal heroes are found in many literary works, and in varied forms. In literary terms, a hero (male) or heroine (female) is defined as a character that goes against adversity, has great strength, courage, bravery, and who makes unselfish sacrifices, usually for the greater good. The Collins English Dictionary defines â€Å"archetypal† as a perfect example of something. Archetypes in literature was first applied by Carl Jung (1875-1961), a Swiss psychiatrist. Jung recognized patterns in mythologies and stories regardless of the time period that was covered by the literary work. Archetypal heroes present in various forms including warriors,†¦show more content†¦It is that characteristic to want to help others even if it means sacrificing your life, that supports designating Beowulf as an archetypal hero. The 14 men that went with Beowulf made up the band of companions or supporters of the hero that is typically found in stories about heroes. Beowulf and his men were very brave. Bravery is another characteristic of an archetypal hero. Upon safely reaching Denmark, the great warrior, along with his men, devised a plan to trap and kill the monster. Beowulf and Grendel came face to face in a good versus evil struggle. Heroes often face a struggle of some sort (mental or physical). Beowulf was very, very strong as heroes are. The evil monster was shocked at the strength of Beowulf, not expecting to encounter one with such strength. Beowulf ripped the monster’s arm off. (Line #__) . Fearful for his life, Grendel struggled to free himself from the grip of Beowulf. â€Å"Grendel’s one thought was to run from Beowulf and flee†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (314-315). Great strength, as exhibited by Beowulf and recognized by Grendel, is yet another characteristic of an ultimate hero. In a gesture of boasting (as archetypal heroes do), Beowulf put the monster’s arm on display like a trophy for all to see. Grendel was not dead, but Beowulf had caused significant damage to the creature. Another example of Beowolf’s strength and courage is when theShow MoreRelatedEssay on Beowulf: The Ultimate Hero1705 Words   |  7 Pages A hero is one who places himself or herself at risk for another by performing great deeds of courage. In the epic poem Beowulf, the character of Beowulf is clearly a hero. Not only is Beowulf a hero because of his physical strength, but he also gives the glory to God. Beowulf is the ultimate hero who put his life on the line for an entire kingdom. Read MoreExamples Of The Epic Hero Of Beowulf846 Words   |  4 PagesThe Ultimate Hero What does it take for one to be considered an epic hero? According to dictionary.com, â€Å"an epic hero is defined as a brave and noble character in an epic poem, admired for great achievements or affected by grand events.† The unknown author, an Anglo-Saxon poet, of the epic poem Beowulf reveals that Beowulf was easily the most legendary hero of all time. In this heroic poem, Beowulf accomplishes many great achievements and is affected by a handful of great events. Beowulf is the grandestRead MoreThe Characteristics Of A Hero In The Epic Of Beowulf746 Words   |  3 PagesBeowulf Essay A hero in the modern world is hard to define and in some places even harder to find. Stories such as Beowulf are continually told in order to help define what a hero should / could be. Heroes in these stories possess traits such as bravery, great strength, or great cunning. However, while a true hero needs some of these traits they don’t define that person as a hero. What defines someone as a hero is daring to go and do what ordinary men wouldn’t in order to save innocent lives, knowingRead MoreThe Hero’S Quest Is Commonly Divided Into Three Groups:1273 Words   |  6 Pages and the Return. Each group has its own steps that a typical epic poem’s hero would follow on his quest. In the epic poem, Beowulf, the unknown author uses several steps of the Hero’s Quest to make Beowulf seem like a typical epic hero that follows the Hero’s Quest. The first step of the Departure is the Call to Adventure; this is the point in the hero’s life when he is informed that he will have to go on a quest. Beowulf experienced The Call to Adventure when heard of Grendel’s attacks on HeorotRead MoreEssay on Good and Evil in Beowulf1042 Words   |  5 PagesThe story of Beowulf was probably composed in England sometime in the Eighth Century AD, and written down circa 1000 AD, by a literate scop (bard) or perhaps a Christian scribe who was possibly educated in a monastery. The poem was created in oral tradition and was transferred to writing over time. It had its roots in folk tales and traditional stories until some very talented poet put it in something very near to its current form. The poem was more than likely performed for audiences at courtRead MoreThe Ideal Hero in Beowulf1090 Words   |  5 Pageswhether or not Beowulf is an ideal hero, one would have to understand the definition of an ideal hero, and then the deci sion and whether he has any flaws within this understanding can be made. Beowulf identifies many traits to allow the reader to make his own assumption on this epic poem. According to the dictionary, â€Å"a man of distinguished courage or ability, admired for his brave deeds and noble qualities† (dictionary.com?) is the proper guideline to determine if a character is an ideal hero or not. Read MoreBeowulf As A Heros Journey1624 Words   |  7 PagesFor Beowulf to retain its relevance after a journey from single surviving manuscript to famous epic poem, one can assume its star role is filled by a character extraordinary. The poem’s hero, Beowulf, strikingly resembles many renown principal characters. It would be an uphill battle arguing against him joining the likes of Hercules, Jesus Christ, and many more in their ÃÅ"bermensch status. Based on his words and actions, it is painstakingly clear that Beowulf is an archetypal hero; someone who sharesRead MoreThe Heroâ₠¬â„¢S Quest. The Hero’S Quest Is Commonly Divided1248 Words   |  5 Pages and the Return. Each group has its own steps that a typical epic poem’s hero would follow on his quest. In the epic poem, Beowulf, the unknown author uses several steps of the Hero’s Quest to make Beowulf seem like a typical epic hero that follows the Hero’s Quest. The first step of the Departure is the Call to Adventure; this is the point in the hero’s life when he is informed that he will have to go on a quest. Beowulf experienced The Call to Adventure when heard of Grendel’s attacks on HeorotRead MoreBeowulf And The Heros Journey Analysis740 Words   |  3 PagesJourney. The Belly of the Whale, which usually occurs during the hero’s departure, happens much later in both Beowulf and Spider-Man. In Beowulf, that part is represented in the scene when he is in the lake fighting Grendel’s mother. â€Å"Squatting with her weight on his stomach, [Grendel’s Mother] drew / a dagger, brown with dried blood, and prepared / to avenge her only son. But [Beowulf] was stretched / on his back, and her stabbing blade was blunted / by the woven mail shirt he wore on his chestRead More Beowulf: A Hero Essay782 Words   |  4 PagesBeowulf: A Hero Beowulf is a hero during the Middle Ages because of his generosity, strength, power, and courage. A hero is one who places himself or herself at great risk while performing acts of courage. Beowulf is a hero that put his life on the line for an entire kingdom. He has heroic and superhuman qualities. He must prove his worthiness of a superior warrior. He is recognized for his strengths and power of protecting his people. Beowulf is faced with three forces to fight, Grendel (a monster)

Living in a Stop and Frisk World Free Essays

Living in a Stop and Frisk World Today around 1,400 citizens in New York City will have their constitutional rights violated through an unlawful search. The legal term for the controversial search is stop and frisk. The New York Police Department continues to pressure its officers to stop and frisk citizens, and these situations are happening at an alarmingly increasing rate. We will write a custom essay sample on Living in a Stop and Frisk World or any similar topic only for you Order Now For the New York Police Department, it seems to be a game of numbers as they continue to force their officers to conduct stop and frisks through quotas (Gangi). While New York City has seen a decrease in crime over Mayor Bloomberg’s term, it is difficult to directly correlate the stop and frisk policy with these decreases. This unlawful practice needs to stop as it is a controversial practice that many people believe is a direct violation of the human rights inherent for citizens. Furthermore, it could turn New York City into a police state. If an officer does not fill his monthly quota of stops, summons or arrests, he is subject to discipline (Gangi). Often, this discipline will leave a unsettling paper trail behind the officer and prevent them from being able to move up in the ranking. This commonality has been explained by many New York Police Department officers confidentially in, â€Å"The Hunted and the Hated: An Inside Look at the NYPD’s Stop-and-Frisk. † Last year, nearly 686,000 people were stopped on the street; a startling increase from only 97,000 in 2002. This amounts to a 600% increase in stops in less than ten years, and searches will continue to increase as the police department tries to keep these numbers up every year (Gangi). Factually speaking, the number has increased every single year since Mayor Bloomberg took office (Long). Crime is down, but can it accurately be attributed to an increase of stop and frisks? Stop and frisk can not be directly and certainly not solely attributed to the decrease of crime. Additionally, stop and frisk is highly subject to racial profiling. Both Tuttle of TheNation. com and Lieberman of New York Civil Liberties Union agree that the stop and frisk program is a waste of resources, explaining its high failure rate: â€Å"the NYPD’s stop-and-frisk program continues to have a 90 percent failure rate. It remains a tremendous waste of resources, sows mistrust between police and he communities they serve, and routinely violates fundamental rights. (Zelon)† These are key reasons why New York City is the only large metropolis using stop and frisk as their main crime deterrent. It is an aggressive practice that ruins the relationship between the community and police department (Gangi). Ruthless practices such as stop and frisk are alienating the minority communities and terrorizing the youth. Police have admitted to targeting areas where crime is highest, but the stop and frisk approach ruins any opportunity for help from the community directly. These officers are stationed in parts of New York City that they are disconnected from outside of work. The community knows their area best, yet the officers garner little respect amongst the community. When a community member sees something, they are less likely to say anything to the abusive New York Police Department (Eterno). Furthermore, this puts the officers in much more danger and results in a much more aggressive and assertive force as a result. Not to mention, community members are more willing to follow the law if they believe the system is fair and equal. Sociologist Tom Tyler’s research on this matter has concluded that people often obey laws in which they consider fair and legitimate; these stop and frisk police encounters are seens as unfair and racial (Braid). Community policing is a key aspect to crime fighting, and both Washington and Los Angeles have made it a main focus of their crime stopping strategy. From 2002 to 2012, New York City has had a 12% decrease in murders annually, and during the same period, Washington saw a 43% decrease and Los Angeles had a 50% decrease in murders. Both cities have taken a less aggressive approach and focused on a less aggressive community driven strategy. Unlike New York City, these cities focus on building up communities and targeting key violent factors (Gangi). Being apart of the community as a police officer lets you work with community members living within the area and target the direct source of violence and crime. Truants within the community are at the highest risk of becoming juvenile offenders. With such hatred from the ommunity, the police department does not get information or leads about these truants until they’re in police hands for committing a crime . Not to mention, these communities become so violent due to only 2 or 3% of the population (Baird). Additionally, as the officers continue to press the streets, they are unable to work with the communities and violence ensues once again. Breaking these community lines is a waste of resources and is costing taxpayers millions of dollars every year. This policy is not only harming and scaring our youth, but it’s estimated that for every 100,000 stops it costs the taxpayers of New York 10 million dollars (Howell). Last year, New York City and the New York Police Department stopped over 650,000 people and accumulated hundreds of lawsuits for its racial and aggressive tactics (Tuttle). Under the law, suspects must appear to be committing a crime or about to commit a crime. Unfortunately, Judge Shira A. Scheindlin has uncovered â€Å"overwhelming evidence that there in fact exists a centralized stop and frisk program that has led to thousands of unlawful stops. Eterno)† Thousands of stops being performed unlawfully will turn into suits against the City of New York. Taxpayers do not want to pay for a program that is constitutionally illegal, has an extremely high failure rate and publicly targets minorities. Since New York City is the largest city in the United States, the police department should be a role model for ot her cities. Instead, the New York Police Department actively practices racial profiling, working against communities rather than in conjunction with them. At first, the aggressive stop and frisk program lowered illegal guns on the street. More recently, however, Mayor Bloomberg has taken it too far by turning the program into a regulated, quota-driven exercise that has effectively used racial profiling and intimidation as a scare tactic against minorities. If New York City is to be proactive in lowering its crime rate, it ought to focus on building communities, endorsing community leaders, and no longer allowing its Police Department to engage in the controversial stop and frisk program. How to cite Living in a Stop and Frisk World, Papers

Ethical Dilemmas Business Perspective †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Ethical Dilemmas Business Perspective. Answer: Introduction The Information technology sector has been increasingly utilized across the world. Just like any other area, be it in the administrative sector, education, governance among others, ethical scenarios always ensue and the need to handle them uncannily always knocks on the door (Backus, Spinello and Tavani, 2016). Therefore, the judicious utilization of such scenarios in the enhancement of ethics can be of great help to the society as a whole (Migga, 2015). Situations that are designed in a careful manner allow perceived and real conflicts to be handled in no-consequence and safe environments. Relying on the Actor Network Theory and the use of research into scenarios, the Doing Ethics Technique is broadened to take good care of macro and microenvironments in the technology sector in a bid to present a better alternative for an ethical dilemma (Migga, 2015). In this regard, a case study of a computer company has been considered to be viewed through the lens of Doing Ethics Technique in o rder to provide a better and ethical solution without harming any of the involved partys emotions (Simpson, Nevile and Burmeister, 2014). From the perspective of the computer professional who is tasked to develop the accounting system, system efficiency is needed so as to be used by the government and the need is of great importance since it saves much money. In this regard, there is a need for delegation, and as the lead project person, the professional assigns different tasks to her other workers. The first person handles the reports; the other takes care of the systems internal processing and the last one takes care of the systems interface of the user. However, this does not go well as the employees report to the senior management that it is so difficult to use the interface (Cellucci, 2015). The problem ensues where the upper-level management decides not to use the system and even inject any more finances, and as such, they choose to resume their previous system that was expensive. What are the facts? Evidently, the difficulty to use the new accounting system interface is real as the employees have reported. The upper-level management has refused to provide more finances for the deployment of the new system. It is only the person in charge of the development of the interface that messed up the entire project. The new system was only at its first stage of writing. The government needed to use the system due to the expensive nature of the previous system. The new system is expected to save massive amounts of money belonging to the taxpayer. The manager agreed to the architecture of the new system and gave the go-ahead. The management at the upper level has the option of resuming to the previous but expensive system of accounting (Deneulin, 2013). The persons who handled internal processing and the reports were proficient, and no complaints have been reported on their part. The upper-level management may revert their decision if good sense about the problem is made to them and if the possibility of readdressing the system interface is assured. What are the issues? Resumption to an expensive method of accounting. Lack of finances for the project (Management no longer want to invest in a flawed process). Unclear procedures to guide the deployment of newer systems in cases of failure. People have lost confidence in the new systems of IT (The reason the managers want to go back to the old system). Change of technology attracts uncertainties such as the employees having difficulties to adjust to a newer interface, which could, in fact, be easier (Christiansen, 2015). Lack of computer literacy and awareness of diverse systems (Including interfaces). People are susceptible to the new looks of different aspects of society and therefore need to be taken through a gradual process of change. Anxiety is exacerbated by change (Fisher, 2013). Professional handling of projects sometimes poses a challenge to the experts. Who is affected? Government: The people may view the resumption to the old system as an expensive move by the government that is expected to be the custodian of the taxpayers money (Fisher, 2013). The government itself may have problems in the efficiency of a new system thus slowing the accounting processes (Koehn, 2016). The employees: They may have difficulties in executing their duties due to a complicated interface. On the other hand, they may be wrongly judging the new system interface due to the fear of change around them thus sending a wrong signal to the management. The upper-level management: They may be faulted for contracting an incompetent computer expert to develop the new accounting system. However, they may also be victims of their employees fears of a change to a new system (Engineering Council, 2017). They may also be blamed by the computer expert contracted to effect the project due to their rushed decision to dismiss the project without carrying out a background audit and questioning of the employees, or to the bear minimum, at least go through the interface themselves (Koehn, 2016). The computer expert: She may be blamed for not coordinating her team that was working on the project to ensure swiftness and effecting corrections. Also, she did not carry out a background check to understand what the employees need or are used to. The public: Their taxes may be misused on expensive projects, yet there are simpler options for the accounting systems (Migga, 2015). The person tasked to handle the interface: He/she may be faulted for using a complicated interface even after knowing that the employees are not experts in computer matters (Migga, 2015). Therefore, he/she operated under the assumption that others may find the interface easy as he does as well. What are the ethical issues and implications? It is the governments duty to safeguard the taxpayers money. The understanding between lack of education and faults brought about by technology. Adverse suffering of the innocent public due poor tax money management. A poor reputation for the upper-level management. A bad reputation for the computer expert and her team who worked on the project. Employee conspiracy to harm the projects reputation due to fears of change. What can be done about it? Education of the employees on the gradual process of change from the previous system of accounting. Reevaluate and make necessary changes to the entire interface of the system in order to introduce an easier one suitable for the employees (Migga, 2015). Upper-level managers to repeal their move to stop funding and resume the older, expensive system. After that, then they should allow the experts to make corrections to the new system. Do background checks on employees to eliminate chances of sabotage. Monitor the whole process of restarting the project. Replace the expert who handled the interface stage with a competent one. What are the options? Restart the entire process of making a new interface (Simpson, Nevile and Burmeister, 2014). This option is useful because it will make an easier way of satisfying the upper-level managers, the employees as well as the reputation of the computer expert. However, it will consume more time. Initiate employee education to make them familiar with the interface. This option is amenable and easy because it will not necessitate restarting the entire interface development process (The European Business Cooperation 2013). It also saves time for the computer expert and the government. However, it means subsequent employees shall have to undergo a training program before doing their job. Conducting a thorough audit to establish the reasons behind the failure of employees to comprehend the new interface (McDermid, 2015). It helps understand whether the developer of the interface was the problem or the employees just feared the change of a system that they are used to. The best solution is to do a background audit to identify the reasons that inform the employees option of finding the new interface hard to comprehend (Simpson, Nevile and Burmeister, 2014). Furthermore, this move would ensure that the primary cause of the problem is established instead of relying on conjecture. For instance, if the employees give a feeble reason such as a given feature of the interface, then it will be clear that the problem was not entirely with the developer of the interface but the employees (Simpson, Nevile and Burmeister, 2014). Again, if they give a genuine reason that substantiates its complex nature, then the developer will have to make the necessary adjustments to the system (Quigley, 2013). Conclusion The establishment of a proper accounting system was marred with problems of interface caused by its developer as assigned by the computer expert. The upper-level managers quickly refused to fund the project further but resume the previous process which is expensive for the taxpayer. As such, there was a big problem. The available options to solve that ethical dilemma included; conducting an audit, educating the employees on the new process, restarting the interface-development process, repeal of the decisions by the managers among others. The best of these options was to do an employee-audit. Works Cited Backus, A., Spinello, R. and Tavani, H. (2016). ICT Sector Ethics. Ethics and Information Technology, 6(1), pp.1-3. Cellucci, T. (2015). Raising the ethical floor: Ethical dilemmas today. PsycCRITIQUES, 60(46). Christiansen, D. (2015). Doing Ethics in Business. Business and Professional Ethics Journal, 3(2), pp.79-83. Deneulin, S. (2013). Ethics and Development: An Introduction from the Perspective of the Capability Approach. Geography Compass, 7(3), pp.217-227. Engineering Council (2017). Ethics in ICT - EPSRC website. [online] Epsrc.ac.uk. Available at: https://www.epsrc.ac.uk/funding/calls/ethicsinict/ [Accessed 27 Aug. 2017]. Fisher, C. (2013). Business ethics and values. Pearson. Koehn, J. (2016). Accounting Ethics. Accounting Ethics Ronald F. Duska and Brenda Shay Duska Malden, Mass.: Blackwell Publishing, 2003, 277 pp. Business Ethics Quarterly, 15(03), pp.521-529. McDermid, D. (2015). Ethics in ICT. Frenchs Forest, N.S.W.: Pearson Education Australia. Migga, J. (2015). Ethics in Computer Companies. 39(2), pp.271-271. Quigley, M. (2013). ICT ethics in the 21st century. Hershey, PA: Information Science Reference. Simpson, C., Nevile, L. and Burmeister, O. (2014). Doing Ethics: A Universal Technique in an Accessibility Context. Australasian Journal of Information Systems, 10(2). The European Business Cooperation (2013). What Makes a Company Ethical?. Business Ethics: A European Review, 1(1), pp.1-3.

The Night Before Sarah Moved Out I Remember Watching The Eleven Oclock

The night before Sarah moved out I remember watching the eleven o'clock news and seeing that the morning was to being a bright and beautiful day. It was going to be a perfect beach day. I planned to wake up in the morning, make some pancakes and invite my sister to go to the beach. It had been several weeks since we spent time together, and I knew she had the morning off, so this would be the perfect opportunity. That morning I woke up to hear my father's truck backing up to the house. Confused, I stumbled out of bed and managed my way to the window to see boxes cluttering the front lawn. The wonderful smell of freshly cut grass filled the air. That morning my sister moved to Rhode Island. She did not tell anyone about her move until an hour before she planned to leave, when she asked my father to borrow the truck. There went my plans for pancakes. Sarah was my half sister. She was a daughter from my father's previous marriage. I admit we never had the ideal sibling relationship, but I loved her unconditionally nonetheless. We came from a split and broken family and everyone always tried to make the best of it. Apparently everyone tried to make the best of it except for Sarah. I went downstairs and stood out on the front porch barefoot in what I slept in the night before. Boxes of her belongings were packed and stacked along the driveway. She walked by me without saying a word, avoiding eye contact. Speechless, I followed her into her bedroom and said, What is this? As she picked up another box she looked up and said, I'm moving to Rhode Island. I did not know what to say. It had only been about ten minutes since the rumbling of my dad's truck had waked me. Confused and shaken I went to the kitchen where my mother was sitting with her coffee. She stared out the window in a complete trance. Can someone please tell me what is going on here? I was starting to get angry at everyone's lack of words. Apparently you're sister is moving in with a friend. It seemed that no one cared that my sister was leaving without telling anyone, except for me. Her cold-heartedness was gut wrenching. Our broken family was starting to crumble and dissolve to nothing. At that moment and time, I felt I was the only one who cared about our family. Frustrated, I went back to Sarah. She was loading things into the bed of the truck with this girl whom I had never seen before. Her name was Sonia and apparently this was my sister's new roommate. She had blond dyed hair and contacts that gave her blue eyes, though her natural color was brown. She was disgustingly overweight and from what I sensed, had the personality of a rock. I never had met Sonia before and she did not make a good first impression. So I got this place in Little Compton. Sarah said it so nonchalantly. When were you planning on telling mom and dad you were moving out? I said choking back tears, completely offended. She went on to say that she's old enough to make her own decisions and that this is her life. Granted she was eighteen, her way of handling the situation was inconsiderate and immature. Sonia and Sarah continued to load up the truck. In the meantime my father sat silent in his reclining chair. He looked at me and sighed. Staring at the floor and patting the dog he shook his head, almost in shame. It seemed he was ashamed of his own daughter. Sarah came over to the living room where my parents and I were sitting. I'm leaving now. She said it so cold, almost as if we were kicking her out. My parents just looked at her and told her to call when she reached her destination. The tone of their voice just screamed disappointment. Standing in the driveway with my arms crossed I stared at her. She hugged me and said she'd be in touch. I was astounded. I didn't even know how to react. She jumped in the truck and started

Free Essays on Heuristic Problem Solving

Heuristic problem solving – are common-sense rules drawn from experience, used to solve problems. Or simply put the heuristic method of problem solving is a rule of thumb. By contrast, algorithms are straightforward procedures that are guaranteed to work every time. Heuristic programming characterizes programs that are self-learning; they are a part of artificial intelligence, they get better with experience. Heuristic programs do not always reach the very best result but usually produce good results within a reasonable amount of search time. As discussed in the April 1998 Phi Delta Kappa article titled â€Å"What is problem solving†, general heuristics are â€Å"cognitive rules of thumb that are useful in solving a great variety of problems†. Specific heuristics are used in specialized areas, often-specific subject domains or professions. There are three common methods in heuristic problem solving. First, the most powerful general heuristic is to form a sub-goal to reduce the discrepancy between your present state and your ultimate goal state. Do something to get a little closer to the end goal. Problems defy one-shot solutions; they must be broken down into smaller parts. A second heuristic method seeks to solve problems by "working backward." First, consider your ultimate goal. From there, decide what would constitute a reasonable step just prior to reaching that goal. Then ask yourself, what would be the step just prior to that? Beginning with the end, you build a strategic bridge backward and event ually reach the initial conditions of the problem. The third heuristic method seeks to solve problems through "successive approximation." Initial tries at solving a problem may result in a product that is less than satisfying. Writing is a good example. Few accomplished writers attempt to write perfect prose the first time. Rather, the initial goal is a rough draft or an outline or a list of ideas. Over time, a manuscript is ... Free Essays on Heuristic Problem Solving Free Essays on Heuristic Problem Solving Heuristic problem solving – are common-sense rules drawn from experience, used to solve problems. Or simply put the heuristic method of problem solving is a rule of thumb. By contrast, algorithms are straightforward procedures that are guaranteed to work every time. Heuristic programming characterizes programs that are self-learning; they are a part of artificial intelligence, they get better with experience. Heuristic programs do not always reach the very best result but usually produce good results within a reasonable amount of search time. As discussed in the April 1998 Phi Delta Kappa article titled â€Å"What is problem solving†, general heuristics are â€Å"cognitive rules of thumb that are useful in solving a great variety of problems†. Specific heuristics are used in specialized areas, often-specific subject domains or professions. There are three common methods in heuristic problem solving. First, the most powerful general heuristic is to form a sub-goal to reduce the discrepancy between your present state and your ultimate goal state. Do something to get a little closer to the end goal. Problems defy one-shot solutions; they must be broken down into smaller parts. A second heuristic method seeks to solve problems by "working backward." First, consider your ultimate goal. From there, decide what would constitute a reasonable step just prior to reaching that goal. Then ask yourself, what would be the step just prior to that? Beginning with the end, you build a strategic bridge backward and event ually reach the initial conditions of the problem. The third heuristic method seeks to solve problems through "successive approximation." Initial tries at solving a problem may result in a product that is less than satisfying. Writing is a good example. Few accomplished writers attempt to write perfect prose the first time. Rather, the initial goal is a rough draft or an outline or a list of ideas. Over time, a manuscript is ...

Management research coursework Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Management research coursework - Essay Example Thus, the purpose of the article is revealed that after analyzing various aspects of educational validity, the article will provide a research methodology framework for assessing the educational validity of business gaming simulation. Thus, the introduction is solely aimed at depicting the background that necessitates the study, and also at narrating the outline of the research paper. Thereafter, a brief explanation is provided about the method used to conduct research, the usual methods section seen in a research paper. The writers point out that the research was conducted ‘using total enterprise simulation’ (Stainton, Johnson & Borodzicz (2010, p. 705). Then, the researchers resort to a brief literature review to show that the assessment of validity is an ongoing issue and that an effective research methodology for business gaming simulation is yet to come. The article also makes the purpose clear that it is aimed at analyzing validity from an educational or learning p oint of view. The next section goes deep into the concept of educational validity and finds the two elements; design and implementation as the factors that dictate educational validity. ... The next section looks into the other factor in educational validity; that is implementation. The researchers show how a simulation should be implemented. The first point is incorporating practical experience will present real life problems, thus giving the students a chance to reflect upon what they learnt. In addition, they bring in the point that while the ‘learning by doing’ approach is adopted, there is the need for a facilitator to provide coaching, support and motivation. The researchers, after analyzing the problems involved in achieving educational validity, move on to developing a methodology framework for assessing the educational validity of a business gaming simulation. It is pointed out that none of the presently available studies has developed a process for designing, implementing and validating a total enterprise simulation. It is necessary for any research dealing with educational validity to assess the internal educational validity, external educational validity and external representational validity. According to Stainton, Johnson, and Borodzicz (2010, p. 710), internal educational validity means the ability to teach the student the relations in a business environment and external educational validity means the resemblance of the simulation with the real world environment. If it represents a real world environment, it has got representational validity. Three theoretical propositions are made to assess educational validity. According to the first proposition, if the participants understand the causes of their business results, the internal educational validity is evident. According to the second

Invisible Man by Ralph Ellison Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Invisible Man by Ralph Ellison - Case Study Example This essay would further provide instances from Ellison's life and would provide with the perspective and situation of the United States of America at those times. The book Invisible Man revolves around a black man born in America. It tells about the differences which were between the black and whites of America. The protagonist in the story portrays himself as an invisible man who is avoided and ignored by the society he is living in. The novel takes place in the 20th century which shows that it is placed in the very century that Ellison is living in. The Eastern United States in the mid 19th century was filled with racism and this impacted the whole theme of the book written by Ellison. Racism is a very important theme of the story which is maintained through out. White men are the respected members of the society in the novel, and so they were in the reality too. The college of blacks is run by the whites of the society and thus they should be respected in the novel. The novel came out when the world war II had ended and the world was recovering from the war. However the black society in the 1950s was still lagging behind and was being disc riminated. However actions were taken by the community to revive their rights in the society. Similar sort of actions were seen in the story written by Ellison. The discrimination prevailing amongst the black and whites in America impacted the book most. The fights and violence happening between these two races is also portrayed in the book. As in the first chapter the Battle Royal clearly shows how blacks were used by the Whites for their entertainment purposes. In the 1950s the blacks were treated as the inferior human beings on the face of this earth. It seemed that the white dominated society aimed at making these beings inferior in the society and put harm to them. They did not want the blacks to study or prosper in anyway. As seen in the story the narrator is expelled from his college only because of some harsh incidents which occur with a white trustee of the college. Furthermore in the 1950s the blacks of the United States were not united enough to stand to the white dominat ed society. There was segregation amongst the black individuals of the society which is the sole reason that the blacks could not prosper in the society. Again this was shown at several instances by Ellison in the novel as it is a person of black ethnicity only which expels the author from his college. Further the segregation amongst the groups between blacks is also seen in the novel which creates fights and riots among the black society only. The title of invisible man itself shows that the black individuals are not being seen by the society and seem invisible in a white dominated society. Blacks were not offered proper jobs in the 1950s because of their race and this is also shown in the novel by Ellison when the narrator is not able to get a proper job. The discrimination in the workplace in those times was so much that the blacks were not offered proper jobs even if they were educated. Like in the story the narrator is not offered a good job even when he is educated. The story further shows that the narrator has to settle down to work as a worker in the boiler room where even then he is discriminated by his employers and co-workers. The major theme of the

International Hospitality Operations Coursework

International Hospitality Operations - Coursework Example Essentially Dubai is one of the countries that form the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Different ethnic groups reside in the Emirates, some of the include Pakistani, European, Bangladesh, Indian and Emirati. It is significant to note that, Middle East, is burgeoning in numerous ways, which include politically, economically and demographically (Baum, 47). It is evident that, much of the region’s wealth is attributable to having the world’s largest deposits of easily extractable oil and tourism activities. Background information The tourism industry in Dubai and in the whole Gulf region is comparatively young. Until the late 19550s, Dubai had no hotels. Visitors would spend with their hosts. It is noticeable that, the following two decades saw Dubai grow tremendously in developing basic facilities for travelers (Baum, 49). The opening of an international airport in 1959 and discovery of oil in 1966 spurred development and opening of several hotels. The founding of the Emirat es Airlines in 1985 and the Dubai Tourism Board saw Dubai attract investors and tourists from across the globe. The Department of Tourism and Commerce Marketing (DTCM) facilitated international promotion and positioning Dubai as both commercial hub and resort destination (Rehman, 217). The establishment of the Jumeirah Group in 1997 as a hotel management company has seen the development of a portfolio of high-end hotels in Dubai and across the globe. For instance, the Burj-Al-Arab was opened in 1997 as the first seven-star hotel in the world (Brotherton, 151). This trend has accelerating to the current state, which puts Dubai in the global arena in tourist attraction and foreign investment (Rehman, 218). Political trend The middle East is often professed by westerners to be tantamount with conflict, but it middle East has serene areas where many diverse nationalities congregate, work and live together in a harmonious way (Buhalis & Costa, 122). It is imperative to note that, the UAE is one of the peaceful places with Dubai having the highest influx of international workers who make up to 80% of the country’s work force (Rehman, 219). Dubai is politically stable, and it has developed a reputation for being a safe hub for people of diverse nationalities, who work for companies from all over the globe. It is a constitutional monarchy ruled by Sheikh Mohammed (Rehman, 215). Mohammed, who has been on the wheel of leadership since 1995, had a vision for Dubai as an international hub for business and leisure. Mohammed realized his vision for Dubai quickly by the establishment of business centers, tourist attraction centers, which included skyscrapers such as the Burj Khalifa. It is the tallest building in the world. Such building makes Dubai distinct from the rest of the United Arab Emirates. They act as tourist attraction centers. It is imperative to note that, Dubai has managed to raise numerous sophisticated and pleasurable buildings even on water. The Burj Khalifa is illustrated below (Tizabi, 321). Additionally, is a member of numerous global organizations and associations, which include the Arab League, United Nations and World Trade Organization, this trend has sustained healthy relationships with the Western democratic countries. This membership has strengthened Dubai’s internal political stability (Tizabi, 317). Culture and religion background It is vital to note that, Dub

Research Methods for Patient Research

Research Methods for Patient Research Research Methods Statistics TAQ .1 TAQ. 2 The aim of the study was to test whether children who are told they will perform well, perform better than those who are not. The dependent variable is the subject test scores. The Hypothesis for this experiment would be â€Å"Subjects that are told they would do well, perform significantly better than those who are not†. The hypothesis is directional as we will find out which subjects perform better and not just that there is a difference (in that case it would be non-directional). Because we are expecting one set of results to be significantly higher than the other the hypothesis is one tailed. The control group are the subjects who have not been told they will perform well. The purpose of the control group is to act as a measuring stick to gauge the other subjects test scores to see if the hypothesis is correct. The independent variable is whether the children have been told or have not been told they will perform well. TAQ.3 Total word count, 1000 References; Wikipedia, 2014. Descriptive Research [online] Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Descriptive_research>[accessed 7TH March 2014] Blurtit, 2014. Methodology Research [online] Available at: http://science.blurtit.com/462243/what-are-the-advantages-of-descriptive-research>[accessed 7TH March 2014] Palgrave,2014. Choosing appropriate research methodologies and methods [online] Available at: http://www.palgrave.com/skills4study/studentlife/postgraduate/choosing.asp#Introduction>[accessed 7TH March 2014] Monofacto,2014. Research Methods [online] Available at: http://www.mondofacto.com/study-skills/research/how-to-do-your-research-project/05.html>[accessed 7TH March 2014] University of Strathclyde,2014. Use of questions [online] Available at: http://www.strath.ac.uk/aer/materials/3datacollection/unit2/useofquestionnaires/>[accessed 7TH March 2014] Survey Lab, 2014. What is an average survey response rate [online] Available at: http://www.surveylab.co.uk/2011/06/what-is-an-average-survey-response-rate/>[accessed 8TH March 2014] Wikipedia, 2014. Questionnaire C[online] Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Questionnaire_construction>[ accessed 8TH March 2014] Care Quality Commission.2013 Community Mental Health Survey [online] Available at: http://www.cqc.org.uk/public/publications/surveys/community-mental-health-survey-2013>[ accessed 8TH March 2014] NHS Institute of Innovation Improvement,2013. Transforming Patient Research [online] Available at: http://www.institute.nhs.uk/patient_experience/guide/the_patient_experience_research.html>[ accessed 8TH March 2014] NHS Institute of Innovation Improvement,2013. Policies[online] Available at: http://www.institute.nhs.uk/images/Patient_Experience/Final%20Policy%20Report%20pdf%20doc%20january%202012.pdf>[ accessed 8TH March 2014] Wikipedia, 2014. Repeated Measures Design [online] Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repeated_measures_design>[ accessed 8TH March 2014] Psycometrics, 2014. Repeated Measures Design [online] Available at: http://www.psychmet.com/id16.html>[ accessed 8TH March 2014] 1 Angel LesterResearch Methods Statistics

Product Propaganda :: essays research papers

In order for a company to prosper and grow, some look to new products and packages, new uses and/ or new markets. A few of the companies featured used their ingredients as a marketing tool; while others utilized their appealing catch phrases as the main tool in their marketing scheme. Often, during this type of product propaganda many is revealed about the company; while the product itself is tucked behind the hype and flashy words of the companies’ marketing geniuses. The companies featured in this module seem to stick to certain trends such as marketing to one group of the population. Of the marketing schemes that arise include, targeting children and using the â€Å"mommy, buy me that† factor, the â€Å"on the go† American, the creative individual, and women who want to eat and feel good about themselves doing it. Many of these strategies seem to work however, one might want to reflect on the truth behind this propaganda. Nevertheless, marketers need not fret about if they are stretching the truth or not; all that matters is if the product sells.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  General Mills revealed that extending into other markets can prove profitable. When General Mills extended its corporation into the snack market by adding Milk n’ Cereal Bars and Morning Mid, they were very successful. General Mills found a way to change with the changing lifestyle of the typical â€Å"on the go† American; making their breakfast products portable. Not only did they unleash a new product onto the market, but they extended their â€Å"marketing loop† to people who are â€Å"on the go.† Nowadays, Americans are all about the fastest cars, quickest internet connection, and yes, even the quickest way to get through a meal. People today do not even want to stand in line at the bank that they came up with online banking; this is where the â€Å"on the go† breakfast bars come into play. General Mills also took care of the â€Å"nutritious on the go† Americans. In addition to being a good â€Å"on the go† bre akfast, Chex Morning Mix also provides nutrition because it has 10 vitamins and minerals. The new â€Å"on the go† product is a good selling factor for busy people who do not want to lose nutritional value by eating on the go. The idea that one can actually eat their breakfast on the move appeals to not only the fast paced people of today, but also to the ones that want to acquire more sleep.

How does Confucianism and Daoism view women?

To begin with, Confucianism is a religion that is named after the philosopher, Confucius. He was an almost deified and impossibly wise man. He believed that to regain social order, people must act the role that society gave them. The father was to act the father, the son was to act the son, etc. The process of becoming that of which one is supposed to be is called â€Å"Rectification of Names. † The society should be founded on five relationships: 1) The ruler and subject; 2) The father and son; 3) The husband and wife; 4) The elder and younger brother; 5) The friend and friend. This proper behavior was required to create a calm, enduring, and beneficial society. In terms of the third relationship, husband and wife, the concept of the Yang and Yin come into play. The Yang is the male, dominating, structures. The Yin is the female, calm, passive structures. This balance, if maintained, is supposed to keep everything in perfect accordance. This concept, in my opinion, is what gave women the submissive role in the Confucius society. Unlike the women in Daoism, under Confucian ideals women were to play their roles in society by being submissive to men and were limited in their participation in society, but were respected and necessary. Their lives were centered in the family as â€Å"inside members† which meant that they were to stay indoors and not associate with the â€Å"outside† more than necessary. Actually, in upper-class homes, inside chambers were built for the women while the men had their own chamber outside. Women were also supposed to remain under the dominion of men and follow the â€Å"three obedience†: Woman follows man, youth follows father or eldest brother, after marriage, wife follows husband, and if her husband dies, she is to follow her eldest son. As children, young girls were not apart of the ancestral line. After marriage they gained their husband's line and became apart of a family making this the single most important event in a young girl's life. However, many girls never made it to marriage because their mothers killed them after they were born. Giving birth to a baby girl was not at all joyous. For those that did make it, their objective was to become a wife. A wife was the lowest link in the social hierarchy and was there to serve the mother-in-law. Once married, both the husband and wife's main focus was to take care of the husband's parents. Women were expected to be completely devoted to their husbands and would often choose to commit suicide than violate their womanly virtues. Mothers with lost of sons were much higher up socially than those with fewer. Women who did not marry were not accepted in the Confucian society. Divorce was also not accepted and was allowed only under strict circumstances by the husband. These circumstances include incurable sickness, no male heir, talking too much, stealing, disobedience, promiscuity, and jealousy. The husband could have several concubines of which the wife was supposed to be kind and courteous to. On the same level, women could talk to other women about their husbands if they drank too much alcohol, neglected their duties as a husband, or became abusive. The other women would then tell their husbands who would act accordingly. This all seems rather harsh, but the fact that women are the only ones that could give life; they were respected and considered necessary. On the contrary, women in the Daoist society were treated a whole lot better. Daoism puts an emphasis on nature and the feminine qualities of nature. Seeing as how women create life and Daoism is† that which creativity flows from,† women hold the up most respect. As a matter of fact, Dao means â€Å"Great Mother. † Unlike in Confucianism, the role of women being passive and flexible comes natural and unforced. Because of this natural passiveness, women are naturally good Daoists; simply because of this â€Å"naturalness. † In the Daoist Society women are reared as especially receptive to divine inspiration which provides a spiritual outlet for them. Women are also allowed to participate in all levels of Daoism and were thought to be the only ones who could reach the highest levels of Dao lineage, all except that of the Divine Lord. However, this did not move women out of their subordinate roles nor did it raise their social status, and the sexual practices in Daoism for prolonged life may have led to the exploitation of women. Another tradition performed by the Chinese women in the Confucian society was foot-binding. Originally it was done as a kind of ballet toe dancing performed for royalty. It eventually worked its way down the entire social strata and became a tradition linked to marriage. It was performed on young girls from the ages of five to seven, as early as two and as late as thirteen. The foot was to be shaped into what looked like the Golden Lotus bud. The perfect shaped foot was three inches long looked like it naturally extended form the foot, not like the 90* angle normal feet make. The foot was bound to break the arch and toes. The toes were broken to curl under the foot. The big toe was left to look like the point of the bud. Girls were told to walk on pieces of sharp metal and broken glass to cut the bottom of the foot so that when it healed, the toes would fuse to the foot. Every so often the feet were unbound to clean and tighten. This was an extremely painful process that took more than two years to complete. The binding shoes were worn the rest of the girl's life. Perfectly bound feet meant that the girl was marriageable, she was obedient, submissive, and could endure great amounts of pain. This also controlled her sexuality because it was hard for the girl to â€Å"get around. † The tiny feet also became an erotic fetish for some men. The girl's shoes were sent to her mother-in-law-to-be for inspection. The Girls' new mother would inspect for size, shape, and craftsmanship. Since the girl made the shoes herself, the explicit details gave a clue to what type of worker she was. This creativity was often the only creative outlet for the young girls. So to conclude, there are many differences in the ways women were dealt with in Confucianism and Daoism. In both religions, however, women were not very high up on the social scales, they were supposed to be the calm, passive and obedient counterpart of men, and were ultimately inferior beings. Foot binding became a Confucian tradition in marriage, while in Daoism, women held nearly the heights levels I the religion. I am just glad to say that I am a woman living in America today, and not in the classical Confucian society of China.

Marybeth Tinning

Marybeth Tinning Between 1971 and 1985, all nine of Marybeth and Joe Tinnings children died. While doctors suspected the children had a newly-discovered death gene, friends and family suspected something more sinister. Marybeth was eventually convicted of second-degree murder in the death of only one of her children. Learn about her life, the lives- and deaths- of her children, and her court cases. Early Life Marybeth Roe was born on September 11, 1942, in Duanesburg, New York. She was an average student at Duanesburg High School and after graduation, she worked at various jobs until she settled in as a nursing assistant at Ellis Hospital in Schenectady, New York. In 1963, at the age of 21, Marybeth met Joe Tinning on a blind date. Joe worked for General Electric as did Marybeths father. He had a quiet disposition and was easy going. The two dated for several months and married in 1965. Marybeth Tinning once said that there were two things she wanted from life- to be married to someone who cared for her and to have children. By 1967 she had reached both goals. The Tinnings first child, Barbara Ann, was born on May 31, 1967. Their second child, Joseph, was born on January 10, 1970. In October 1971, Marybeth was pregnant with their third child, when her father died of a sudden heart attack. This became the first of a series of tragic events for the Tinning family. Suspicious Deaths The Tinnings third child, Jennifer, was born with an infection and died soon after her birth. Within nine weeks, the Tinnings other two children followed. Marybeth had always been odd, but after the death of her first three children, she became withdrawn and suffered severe mood swings. The Tinnings decided to move to a new house hoping that the change would do them good. After the Tinnings fourth and fifth children each died before they were a year old, some doctors suspected that the Tinning children were afflicted with a new disease. However, friends and family suspected that something else was going on. They talked among themselves about how the children seemed healthy and active before they died. They were beginning to ask questions. If it was genetic, why would the Tinnings keep having children? When seeing Marybeth pregnant, they would ask each other, how long this one would last? Family members also noticed how Marybeth would get upset if she felt she wasnt receiving enough attention at the childrens funerals and other family events. In 1974, Joe Tinning was admitted to the hospital because of a near-fatal dose of barbiturate poisoning. Later both he and Marybeth admitted that during this time there was a lot of upheaval in their marriage and that she put the pills, which she had obtained from a friend with an epileptic child, into Joes grape juice. Joe thought their marriage was strong enough to survive the incident and the couple stayed together despite what happened. He was later quoted as saying, You have to believe the wife. In August 1978, the couple decided they wanted to begin the adoption process for a baby boy named Michael who had been living with them as ​a  foster child. Around the same time, Marybeth became pregnant again. Two other biological children of the Tinnings died and Michaels death followed. It was always assumed that a genetic flaw or the death gene was responsible for the death of the Tinnings children, but Michael was adopted. This shed a whole different light on what had been happening with the Tinning children over the years. This time doctors and social workers warned the police that they should be very attentive to Marybeth Tinning. People commented on Marybeths behavior after their ninth child, Tami Lynnes, funeral. She held a brunch at her house for friends and family. Her neighbor noticed that her usual dark demeanor was gone and she seemed sociable as she engaged in the usual chatter that goes on during a get-together. For some, the death of Tami Lynne became the final straw. The hotline at the police station lit up with neighbors, family members and doctors and nurses calling in to report their suspicions about the deaths of the Tinning children. Forensic Pathology Investigation Schenectady Police Chief, Richard E. Nelson contacted forensic pathologist Dr. Michael Baden to ask him some questions about SIDS. One of the first questions he asked was if it was possible that nine children in one family could die of natural causes. Baden told him that it wasnt possible and asked him to send him the case files. He also explained to the chief that children that babies who die from Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS), also known as crib death, do not turn blue. They look like normal children after they die. If a baby was blue, he suspected it was caused by homicidal asphyxia. Someone had smothered the children. Dr. Baden later wrote a book in which he attributed the deaths of the Tinning children as a result of Marybeth suffering from acute Munchausen by Proxy Syndrome. Dr. Baden described Marybeth Tinning as a sympathy junky. He said, She liked the attention of people feeling sorry for her from the loss of her children. Confession and Denial On February 4, 1986, Schenectady investigators brought Marybeth in for questioning. For several hours she told investigators different events that had occurred with the deaths of her children. She denied having anything to do with their deaths. Hours into the interrogation she broke down and admitted she killed three of the children. I did not do anything to Jennifer, Joseph, Barbara, Michael, Mary Frances, Jonathan, she confessed, Just these three, Timothy, Nathan and Tami. I smothered them each with a pillow because Im not a good mother. Im not a good mother because of the other children. Joe Tinning was brought to the station and he encouraged Marybeth to be honest. In tears, she admitted to Joe what she had admitted to the police. The interrogators then asked Marybeth to go through each of the childrens murders and explain what happened. A 36-page statement was prepared and at the bottom, ​Marybeth ​wrote a brief statement about which of the children she killed (Timothy, Nathan, and Tami) and denied doing anything to the other children. She signed and dated the confession. According to what she said in the statement, she killed Tami Lynne because she would not stop crying. She was arrested and charged with the second-degree murder of Tami Lynne. The investigators could not find enough evidence to charge her with murdering the other children. At the preliminary hearings, ​Marybeth said the police had threatened to dig up the bodies of her children and rip them limb from limb during the interrogation. She said that the 36-page statement was a false confession, just a story that the police were telling and she was just repeating it. Despite her efforts to block her confession, it was decided that the entire 36-page statement would be permitted as evidence at her trial. Trial and Sentencing The murder trial of Marybeth Tinning began in Schenectady County Court on June  22, 1987. A lot of the trial centered on the cause of Tami Lynnes death. The defense had several physicians testify that the Tinning children suffered from a genetic defect which was a new syndrome, a new disease. The prosecution also had their physicians lined up. SIDS expert, Dr. Marie Valdez-Dapena, testified that suffocation rather than disease is what killed Tami Lynne. Marybeth Tinning did not testify during the trial. After 29 hours of deliberation, ​the jury had reached a decision. Marybeth Tinning, 44, was found guilty of second-degree murder of Tami Lynne Tinning. Joe Tinning later told the New York Times that he felt that the jury did their job, but he just had a different opinion on it. During sentencing, Marybeth read a statement in which she said she was sorry that Tami Lynne was dead and that she thought about her every day, but that she had no part in her death. She also said she would never stop trying to prove her innocence. The Lord above and I know I am innocent. One day the whole world will know that I am innocent and maybe then I can have my life back once again or what is left of it. She was sentenced to 20 years to life and was sent to Bedford Hills Prison for Women in New York. Incarceration and Parole Hearings Marybeth Tinning has been up for parole three times since her incarceration. March 2007 To the surprise of many, State Police Investigator, William Barnes, spoke on Marybeths behalf, asking for her release. Barnes was the lead investigator who interrogated Tinning when she confessed to killing three of her nine children.When asked about her crime, Tinning told the parole board, I have to be honest, and the only thing that I can tell you is that I know that my daughter is dead. I live with it every day, she continued, I have no recollection and I cant believe that I harmed her. I cant say any more than that.The Parole Commissioners denied parole, citing that she showed little insight into her crime and displayed little remorse. March 2009 In January 2009, Tinning went before the parole board for the second time. This time Tinning indicated that she remembered more than she did during her first parole hearing.She stated that she was going through bad times when she killed her daughter. The parole board again denied her parole, stating that her remorse was superficial at best. March 2011 Mary Beth was more forthcoming during her last parole hearing. She admitted to smothering Tami Lynne with a pillow but continued to insist that her other children died of SIDS.Asked to describe what insight she had about her actions, she answered, When I look back I see a very damaged and just a messed up person... Sometimes I try not to look in the mirror and when I do, I just, there is no words that I can express now. I feel none. Im just, just none.She also said she has tried to become a better person and ask for help and help others.Mary Beth was denied parole in 2011 and will become eligible again in 2013. Joe Tinning has continued to stand by Mary Beth and visits her regularly at the Bedford Hills Prison for Women in New York, although Marybeth commented during her last parole hearing that the visits were becoming more difficult. Jennifer: Third Child, First to Die Jennifer Tinning was born on December 26, 1971. She was kept hospitalized because of a severe infection and she died eight days later. According to the autopsy report, the cause of death was acute meningitis. Some who attended Jennifers funeral remembered that it seemed more like a social event than a funeral. Any remorse Marybeth was experiencing seemed to dissolve as she became the central focus of her sympathizing friends and family. In Dr. Michael Badens book, Confessions of a Medical Examiner, one of the cases that he profiles is that of Marybeth Tinning. He comments in the book about Jennifer, the one child that most everyone involved in the case kept saying Marybeth did not hurt. She was born with a severe infection and died in the hospital eight days later. Dr. Michael Baden added a different viewpoint on Jennifers death: Jennifer looks to be the victim of a coat hanger. Tinning had been trying to hasten her birth and only succeeded in introducing meningitis. The police theorized that she wanted to deliver the baby on Christmas Day, like Jesus. She thought her father, who had died while she was pregnant, would have been pleased. Joseph: Second Child, Second to Die On January 20, 1972, just 17 days after Jennifer died, Marybeth rushed into the Ellis Hospital emergency room in Schenectady with Joseph, who she said had experienced some sort of seizure. He was quickly revived, checked out and then sent home. Hours later Marybeth returned with Joe, but this time he could not ​be  saved. Tinning told the doctors that she put Joseph down for a nap and when she later checked on him she found him tangled up in the sheets and his skin was blue. There was no autopsy performed, but his death was ruled as​ a  cardio-respiratory arrest. Barbara: First Child, Third to Die Six weeks later, on March 2, 1972, Marybeth again rushed into the same emergency room with 4 1/2-year-old Barbara who was suffering from convulsions. The doctors treated her and advised Tinning that she should stay overnight, but Marybeth refused to leave her and took her home. Within hours Tinning was back at the hospital, but this time Barbara was unconscious and later died at the hospital. The cause of death was brain edema, commonly referred to as swelling of the brain. Some of the doctors suspected that she had Reyes Syndrome, but it was never proven. The police were contacted regarding Barbaras death, but after speaking with the doctors at the hospital the matter was dropped. Timothy: Fourth Child, Fourth to Die On Thanksgiving Day, November 21, 1973, Timothy was born. On December 10, just 3-weeks old, Marybeth found him dead in his crib. The doctors could not find anything wrong with Timothy and blamed his death on SIDS. SIDS was first recognized as a disease in 1969. In the 1970s, there were still many more questions than answers surrounding this mysterious disease. Nathan: Fifth Child, Fifth to Die The Tinnings next child, Nathan, was born on Easter Sunday, March 30, 1975. But like the other Tinning children, his life was cut short. On September 2, 1975, Marybeth rushed him to St. Clares Hospital. She said she was driving with him in the front seat of the car and she noticed he wasnt breathing. The doctors could not find any reason that Nathan was dead and they attributed it to acute pulmonary edema. Mary Francis: Seventh Child, Sixth to Die On October 29, 1978, the couple had a baby girl they named Mary Francis. It wasnt long before Mary Francis would be rushed through hospital emergency doors. The first time was in January 1979 after she had experienced seizures. The doctors treated her and she was sent home. A month later Marybeth again rushed Mary Francis to St. Clares emergency room, but this time she would not be going home. She died shortly after she arrived at the hospital. Another death attributed to SIDS. Jonathan: Eighth Child, Seventh to Die On November 19, 1979, the Tinnings had another baby, Jonathan. By March Marybeth was back at St. Clares hospital with an unconscious Jonathan. This time the doctors at St. Clares sent him to Boston Hospital where he could be treated by specialists. They could not find any medical reason why Jonathan became unconscious and he was returned to his parents. On March 24, 1980, just three days of being home, Marybeth returned to St. Claires with Jonathan. The doctors couldnt help him this time. He was already dead. ​The cause of death was listed as a  cardiopulmonary arrest. Michael: Sixth Child, Eighth to Die The Tinnings had one child left. They were still in the process of adopting Michael who was 2 1/2 years old and seemed healthy and happy. But not for long. On March 2, 1981, Marybeth carried Michael into the pediatricians office. When the doctor went to examine the child it was too late. Michael was dead. An autopsy showed he had pneumonia, but not severe enough to kill him. The nurses at St. Clares talked among themselves, questioning why Marybeth, who lived right across the street from the hospital, did not bring Michael to the hospital like she had so many other times when she had sick children. Instead, she waited until the doctors office was opened even though he showed signs of being sick earlier in the day. It did not make sense. The doctors attributed Michaels death to acute pneumonia, and the Tinnings were not held responsible for his death. However, Marybeths paranoia was increasing. She was uncomfortable with what she thought people were saying and the Tinnings decided to move again. Tami Lynne: Ninth Child, Ninth to Die Marybeth became pregnant and on August 22, 1985, Tami Lynne was born. The doctors carefully monitored Tami Lynne for four months and what they saw was a normal, healthy child. But by December 20th Tami Lynne was dead. The cause of death was listed as SIDS.

Farmland Industries Inc. Essays - Midwestern United States

Farmland Industries Inc. Essays - Midwestern United States Farmland Industries Inc. Introduction Today, when we hear the slogans "better farming, better food," or "proud to be farmer owned" one company comes to mind, Farmland Industries. We may think of this of this fortune 500 company as a leading agricultural powerhouse, which it is, however, it was not always that way. Background Farmland Industries Inc. was founded by Howard A. Cowden, who was born and raised in Southwestern Missouri. Cowden started young in the cooperative business by working for the Missouri Farmers Association (MFA). However; in October of 1927, he had resigned from the position of secretary for the MFA and started out on his own. Immediately following, Cowden received the MFA oil contract that previously had been held with Standard Oil Company, and Cowden was now in the wholesale oil business. On January 27, 1928, Cowden Oil Company was founded. This business was moved to Kansas City, Missouri in late 1928. In January of 1929, Cowden Oil Company was dissolved and Union Oil Company (Cooperative) was formed. It was clear that Cowden had planned to do more than just buy and sell oil to local cooperatives. A board of directors was created to run the company, yet Cowden retained full control over the company that he had created. Cowden started recruiting smaller companies to join their cooperative by signing contracts to sell certain amounts of Unions products. In 1929, Union Oil Company had purchased its first land. "The Two Car Garage," as it is referred to, was the building that they had purchase to become their new home. In 1935, Union Oil Company changed its name to Consumers Cooperative Association (CCA). CO-OP was decided to be its official logo. In October of 1956, CCA moved to their new home on North Oak Trafficway, in Kansas City, and the company was ready for major business. In June of 1961, Howard A. Cowden retired as President of CCA and Homer Young stepped in to fill his shoes. In early to mid 1966, CCA changed its name again. This time to Farmland Industries, Inc., however; they still kept that CO-OP symbol for a trademark. CCA now emphasized much of its business to fertilizer, petroleum and commercial feed. This business only grew and grew for them. "By 1967, Farmland Industries had manufacturing facilities for various kinds of fertilizer at Lawrence, Kansas; Hastings, Nebraska; Green Bay, Florida; Fort Dodge, Iowa; Joplin, Missouri, and a plant under construction in Dodge City" (Fite 281). From here, Farmland Industries only increased its size, sales, and dividends, not to mention popularity. Some of the major lines include: Food Marketing, Feed, Crop Production, Grain, Beef, and Pork. Of course, there are many, many other lines that the company has produced throughout the years. Some of these things include: Ful-O-Pep (Union Oil Companys "Antiknock" gas designed to compete with ethyl), CO-OP tires, Batteries, Groceries, Canning and Dehydration, Tractors, Paint, Twine, Steel buildings, and many other successful ventures, along with many other flops. "Weve been working to improve margins-by lowering costs, by implementing shared margin programs, by offering prebooking, and contracting programs in fuel, crop production, products, & feed-and by increasing our emphasis on providing timely information and other services" (Annual 94 2). Organizational Culture Today, Farmland is the largest farmer-owned agricultural input cooperative in the United States. Its mission is: To be a producer-driven, customer-focused and profitable "ag supply to consumer foods" cooperative system (The Farmland Cooperative System 6). The people of Farmland Industries believe in American agriculture. They believe that everyone involved in progressive agriculture in America today is entitled to a return on their investments. Farmlands world headquarters are located in Kansas City, Missouri. The city is located on the banks of the Missouri river in western Missouri. The metropolitan area itself includes four counties in the state of Kansas which helps make up its population of 1.65 million people (U.S. Bureau of the Census 1). According to the U.S. Census Bureau, 82.2 percent of this population are White, 12.7 percent are Black, 3.1 percent are Hispanic, and 1.9 percent include various other Races (1). In 1995, the estimated Kansas City median household income was $37,841. Thirty-eight percent of the households in the metro area have an effective buying power (this is the discretionary income households have after paying off all debts) of more than $50,000 per year (U.S. Bureau of the Census). Kansas City also boasts one of the lowest cost of living in major metropolitan areas. It ranked third among 25 cities with populations above 1.5 million people (U.S. Bureau of the Census). There are many exciting things to do once youre in Kansas City.

Macro Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

Macro Economics - Essay Example This depicts that a greater percentage of the citizens in that country are striving to be in better places and constantly improving the state of the country through the concept of invisible hand. In India the economic condition is not that stable. This is because only a smaller portion of the population strives to make ends meet while a greater percentage is always dragging the country backwards economically because they don’t work hard and deliver. This is very challenging since the economy is always torn in an imbalanced proportion. Studies from economists behind this theory argue that it developed an idea of a subsistence level to model the theory. The economists claimed that if real Gross Domestic Product rose above this subsistence level of income, it would cause the population to increase and bring real gross domestic product back down to the subsistence level. In India the population is extremely high and this means that the real gross domestic product is always above the subsistence level of income thus bringing the gross domestic product back down to the subsistence level. The opposite happens in the United States of America and that is why the gross domestic product there is far better than that for India. Strong economic growth rate cannot be positive to high population growth. This is because when the population increases, resources for economic growth will be limited. This will therefore hinder growth in the economy due to the imbalance. This defect or problem can be prevented by factors such as controlling population growth by implementing birth policies. The birth rate should be moderate to make the resources adequate for the country3. When the country has a poor or weak growth rate it is a big hindrance to the economic growth. This is because there will be inadequate labor force in various organizations in the country. Labor is a fundamental factor of production and should therefore be supplied adequately in an economy. To offset this

Market for Digital Cameras in Europe Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Market for Digital Cameras in Europe - Essay Example Then competition is reduced and a return to tacit agreement is likely. Petrol provides occasional examples of price wars. Interdependent behavior is an important feature of oligopoly, because the small number of competing firms watch each other closely, devising strategies which take into account the likely reaction of the others. Digital camera market has been growing phenomenally since last 10 years. According to a news report published in ZDNet UK, the sales of digital camera had doubled in the year 2003 on a global scale. A Japanese industry group claimed that Europe was ahead of Japan and the United States of America (USA) in terms of revenues and sales both. (Munir Kotadia, 2003) The Camera and Imaging Products association (CIPA) had revealed that 13.4 million units were shipped globally in the year 2003, with a year-on-year 93% growth. Out of these 13.4 million units, Europe received the most, that is 4.57 million units. This was 20% more than the shipments received by the USA and amounted to 3.82 million units. Japan snapped 3.08 million units. (Munir Kotadia, 2003) Research also reveals that for the first time, sales of digital cameras had exceeded those of film cameras in the year 2002. 23.6 million film-based cameras were sold in 2002 while sales of digital cameras amounted to 24.5 million. ... Some oligopolies have a number of large competitors, as with Coca Cola and other major soft drink suppliers, together with a large number of comparatively small suppliers which are price takers. Global digital camera market Digital camera market has been growing phenomenally since last 10 years. According to a news report published in ZDNet UK, the sales of digital camera had doubled in the year 2003 on a global scale. A Japanese industry group claimed that Europe was ahead of Japan and the United States of America (USA) in terms of revenues and sales both. (Munir Kotadia, 2003) The Camera and Imaging Products association (CIPA) had revealed that 13.4 million units were shipped globally in the year 2003, with a year-on-year 93% growth. Out of these 13.4 million units, Europe received the most, that is 4.57 million units. This was 20% more than the shipments received by the USA and amounted to 3.82 million units. Japan snapped 3.08 million units. (Munir Kotadia, 2003) Research also reveals that for the first time, sales of digital cameras had exceeded those of film cameras in the year 2002. 23.6 million film-based cameras were sold in 2002 while sales of digital cameras amounted to 24.5 million. Initially this gap was only marginal, but with the passing years, the gap has only been widening. With 80% to 90% penetration, the digital camera market has now reached the saturation point in Europe, US, and Japan. This is to mean that 9 out of every 10 consumers own a digital camera. (Munir Kotadia, 2003 and Coco Masters, 2009) The boom in phone and digital camera markets has given Europe the lead over US in these two technological grounds. Miss Carolina Milanesi, a Gartner analyst, had commented back then that consumers in US were still in the process of getting familiar

Comparison of Accounting Standards of FASB and IASB Research Paper

Comparison of Accounting Standards of FASB and IASB - Research Paper Example The International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) is an independent body in the private sector. It develops and approves International Accounting and Financial Reporting Standards. The International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) functions under the International Financial Reporting Foundation oversight. It was formed in 2001 in replacement of the International Accounting Standards Committee. International Accounting Standards Board (IASB), under the constitution of International Financial Reporting Foundation, has a full responsibility for all technical issues of the financial reporting standards such as: preparation and issuing the interpretations of exposure drafts and International Financial Reporting Standards, full discretion in pursuing and developing technical agenda dependent on requirements of consultation with the public and trustees, the issuing and approval of interpretations by the International Financial Reporting Standards Interpretations Committee.

Literary genres Essay Example for Free

Literary genres Essay lit ·er ·a ·ture (ltrchr, -chr) noun. 1. The body of written works of a language, period, or culture. 2. Imaginative or creative writing, especially of recognized artistic value:Literature must be an analysis of experience and a synthesis of the findings into a unity (Rebecca West). 3. The art or occupation of a literary writer. 4. The body of written work produced by scholars or researchers in a given field:medical literature. 5. Printed material: collected all the available literature on the subject. 6. Music All the compositions of a certain kind or for a specific instrument or ensemble: the symphonic literature. 1.  written material such as poetry, novels, essays, etc. , esp works of imagination characterized by excellence of style and expression and by themes of general or enduring interest 2. the body of written work of a particular culture or people Scandinavian literature 3. written or printed matter of a particular type or on a particular subject scientific literature the literature of the violin 4. printed material giving a particular type of information sales literature 5. the art or profession of a writer 6. Obsolete learning 1. writing in prose or verse regarded as having permanent worth through its intrinsic excellence. 2. the entire body of writings of a specific language, period, people, etc. 3. the writings dealing with a particular subject. 4. the profession of a writer or author. 5. literary work or production. 6. any kind of printed material, as circulars, leaflets, or handbills. 7. Archaic. literary culture; appreciation of letters and books. | literature the humanistic study of a body of literature; he took a course in Russian lit. literary study the humanistic study of literatureliterature creative writing of recognized artistic value| | | literature published writings in a particular style on a particular subject; the technical literature; one aspect of Waterloo has not yet been treated in the literaturepiece of writing, written material, writing the work of a writer; anything expressed in letters of the alphabet (especially when considered from the point of view of style and effect); the writing in her novels is excellent; that editorial was a fine piece of writingliterature creative writing of recognized artistic valuehistoriography a body of historical literature| | | literature the profession or art of a writer; her place in literature is secureprofession an occupation requiring special education (especially in the liberal arts or sciences)literature creative writing of recognized artistic valueTypes of Literature: Fictional Literature Drama: Drama is the theatrical dialog performed on stage, it consists of 5 acts. Tragedy, comedy and melodrama are the sub types of drama. e. g William Shakespeare, an Elizabethan dramatist composed the plays Hamlet, Romeo and Juliet, King Lear that are famous because of its combination of tragedy and comedy. Problem play, farce, fantasy, monologue and comedy of manners are some kinds of drama. Tragedy: It is a story of the major character who faces bad luck. Tragedy, elements of horrors and struggle usually concludes with the death of a person. The Illiad and The Odyssey by Homer are the two famous Greek tragedies. Comedy: The lead character overcomes the conflicts and overall look of the comedy is full of laughter and the issues are handled very lightly. The elements used in the comedy are romanticism, exaggeration, surprises and a comic view of life. Melodrama: Melodrama is a blend of two nouns melody and drama. It is a musical play most popular by 1840. Uncle Toms Cabin is one of the most popular plays describing cruelty of labor life. It has happy ending like comedy. Tragicomedy: The play that begins with serious mode but has a happy ending is tragicomedy. Prose Literature History, journalism, philosophy, fiction and fantasy writings, scientific writings, childrens literature authors and writers are included in Prose Literature. Myth Myths are the fairy tales with lots of adventure, magic and it lacks scientific proof. Nursery rhymes, songs and lullabies are forms of myths that strike the interest of children. Creative and nature myth are stories of the stars and moon. Magic tales are wonderful tales of quests and fantasy. Hero myths are ideal heroes of adventure. Short story  The small commercial fiction, true or imaginary, smaller than a novel is known as short story. Short stories are well-grouped that followed the sequence of easy and no complexity in beginning, concrete theme, some dialogs and ends with resolution. They are oral and short-lived which have gossip, joke, fable, myth, parable, hearsay and legend. Novel Novel can be based on comic, crime, detective, adventurous, romantic or political story divided into many parts. The major kinds of novels are: Allegory: The symbolic story revolves around two meanings. What the writer says directly is totally different from the conveyed meanings at the end. Political and Historical allegory are two forms of Allegory. Comedy: Satire is very common form in comedy novels and tries to focus on the facts of the society and their desires. Epistolary: The collection of letters or mails is the epistolary novels. Samuel Richardsons Pamela and Henry Fieldings Joseph Andrew are the few examples of Epistolary novels. Feminist: These types of novels are written by women writers around the world to describe the place of women in a male dominated society. E. g Virginia Woolfs A Room of ones Own. Gothic: Gothic fiction is the combination of both horror and romance. Melodrama and parody were grouped in the Gothic literature in its early stages. Ironic: Ironic novels are known for excessive use of narrative technique. It is satire on the contemporary society about cultural, social and political issues. Realism: The realistic novels are based on the truths of ordinary society and their problems. It focuses on the plot, structure and the characters of the novel. Romance: Love and relationship topics are handled optimistically in the romantic novels. It originated in western countries; basically the story revolves around love affairs of main characters. Some popular sub categories of romantic novels are paranormal, erotic, suspense, multicultural and inspirational romance. Narration: In narrative style, writer becomes the third person who narrates whole story around the characters. Naturalism: Naturalism is based on the theory of Darwin. Picaresque: It is opposite to romance novels as it involves ideals, themes and principles that refuse the so-called prejudices of the society. Psychological: Its the psychological prospective of mind with a resolution. Satire: Satirical novels criticize the contemporary society. The most famous novels are Jonathan Swifts Gullivers Travels (1726), Kingsley Amiss Lucky Jim (1954), George Orwells Animal Farm and Randell Jarrells Pictures from an Institution (1954). Stream of Consciousness: James Joyces stream of consciousness is all about the thought coming up in the minds of the readers. A novel also constitutes categories on social and political aspects like proletarian, psychological, protest novel, government, didactic, materialist novel, allegorical novel, novel of engagement, naturalistic novel, Marxist novel, radical novel, revolutionary novel, anti-war novel, utopian novel, futuristic novel, anarchist novel, problem novel, social philosophy novel, novel of ideas, problem play and speculative novel. Folk Tale Folk Tales are traditional stories that have been creating interest since ancient times. The children and old persons like religious story, magic and superstition as well. Fable, tall tales, cumulative, trickster and proverbs are the sub categories of folk tales. Mythology or legend is the ancient religious stories of origin and human civilization such as story of Robin Hood. Types of poetry Poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings recollected in the tranquility. Greek poetry is found in free verse and we have rhymes in the Persian poem. Are you wondering how to write a poem, here are the followings forms of poem? Sonnet: Sonnet is the short poem of 14 lines grouped into Shakespearean and Italian sonnets. Ballad: The poems that are on the subject matter of love and sung by the poet or group of singers as telling readers a story. Elegy: This type of poem is the lamenting of the death of a person or his near one. Elegy Written in Country Churchyard by Thomas Gray is one of the famous poems marked as sad poems of the ages. Ode: Ode is the formal and long poem serious in nature. Allegory: Allegory is the famous form of poetry and is loved by the readers because of its two symbolic meanings. One is the literal meaning and another is the deep meaning. Epic and Mock epic: Epics are the narrative poems that convey moral and culture of that period. The Odyssey and Iliad are one of the largest philosophical epics written by Samuel Butler. Rape of the Lock is the great mock epic focusing on the minor incident of cutting of a curl. Lyric: It has Greek origin that gives a melody of imagery. It is the direct appeal of a poet to the readers about any incident or historical events. Lyrics are most of the time similar to ode or sonnets in the form. Nonfiction Literature: Nonfiction Literature is opposite to fiction as it is informative and comprises the interesting facts with analysis and illustrations. Main types of Non- fiction literature Autobiography and Biography An autobiography is the story of the authors own life. Family Life at the White House by Bill Clinton is focused on his life and achievements. Wings of fire by Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam, Mein kampf of Adolph Hitler are the autobiography books on real life. Essay Generally the authors point of view about any particular topic in a detailed way is an essay. Essay has simple way of narrating the main subject; therefore they are descriptive, lengthy, subject oriented and comparative. Different types of essay: Personal essay, expository essay type, response essay, process essay, persuasive essay, argumentative essay, critical essay type, interview essay, reflective essay type, evaluation, observation essay, comparison type of essay, application essay, compare and contrast essay and narrative essay type. Literary criticism It is the critical study of a piece of literature. Here critics apply different theories, evaluation, discussion and explanation to the text or an essay to give total judgments. Plato, Aristotle, T. S. Eliot, Saussure and Frye are some of the famous critics. Travel literature It is the narration of any tour or foreign journey with the description of the events, dates, places, sights and authors views. Francis Bacons natural philosophies in the middle of Seventeenth century is one famous example of travel literature. Diary Diaries are the incidents recorded by the author without any means of publishing them. It is the rough work of ones daily routine, happenings, memorable days or events in their life. E. g. Anne Franks Diary of a Young Girl was published by her father in 1940s; its a story of a girl trapped during German invade Amsterdam. Diaries consists of business letters, newsletters, weather listing. In todays world of Internet, writers write in blogs, forums, polls and social networking sites to convey their thoughts. This also is a form of diary writing. Some profound forms of diaries are online diary, travel, sleep, tagebuch, fictional, dream and death diaries. Journal Journal is one of types of diaries that records infinite information. They are of following types: Personal: It is for personal analysis. In this journal one can write his goal, daily thoughts, events and situations. Academic: It is for students who do research or dissertation on particular subjects. Creative journals: Creative journals are the imaginative writing of a story, poem or narrative. Trade: Trade journals are used by industrial purposes where they dictate practical information. Dialectical: This journal is use by students to write on double column notebook. They can write facts, experiments, and observation on the left side and right side can be a series of thoughts and response with an end. Newspaper It is a collection of daily or weekly news of politics, sports, leisure, fashion, movies and business. Magazine Magazines can be the current affairs or opinions well collected covering various content. Frame Narrative The psychoanalysis of human mind is present in a frame narrative. Here we find another story within the main story. Some of the popular narratives are Pegasus, Wuthering Heights, The Flying Horse, The Three Pigs, A Time to keep and the Tasha Tudor Book of Holidays. Outdoor literature Outdoor literature is the literature of adventure that gives whole exploration of an event. Exciting moments of life such as horse riding, fishing, trekking can be a part of literature. Some outdoor books are The Adventures of Tom Sawyer by Mark Twain, Treasure Island by Robert Louis, Voyages by Richard Hakluyt and A Short Walk in the Hindu Kush by Eric Newby. Narrative form of Literature Today we find movies, audio and video CDs and Cassettes that present current literature in use. Digital poetry is an upcoming trend too. Comic books, cartoons, eBook and Internet games are the learning methods for children. Literature includes centuries, human nature, cultures and souls. Isnt it? Read more at Buzzle: http://www. buzzle. com/articles/types-of-literature. html|